366 - Words relating to kshatriyas, vaishyas and other classes

Agni said: 

I. (The words denoting the warrior caste are) mūrdhābhishikta, rājanya, bāhuja, kshatriya and virát. A king who is respected by the vassals is known as adhišhvara. 

2. (A king who holds way over the entire earth is known as) chakravarti and sārvabhauma. A king who is different from the above is a mandaleshvara. (Minister or counsel is known as) mantri, dhisachiva and amåtya. (The chief counsel is known as) mahamåtra and pradhanaka. 

3. A person who attends to disputes is called) prädviváka and akshadarshaka. The man in charge of gold in a royal treasury (is called) bhaurika. (The words) adhyaksha and adhikruta are synonyms (denoting a superintendent). The person invested with the charge of the harem (is called) antarvamshika. (The words) sauvidalla-s, kañchukin-s, sthapatya-s and sauvida-s (also denote the same). 

4-6a. The words sa (sa) nda and varshavara (denote the servants in the harem, who are eunuchs). (The words) sevaka, arthi and anujivi (denote a servant). A ruler of the region other than one's own is ashatru (enemy). One who is beyond that region is a mitram (friend). A person beyond that is udåsina (neutral). A king who is in the rear (of a kingdom) is parshnigräha. 

66-7. (A spy is denoted by the words) chara, spasa and pranidhi. The time that is to come is ayati. The present time is known as tatkala and tadatvam. The fruit accruing in future is called) udarka. (The fear that is caused) by such factors as excessive rains and fire (is) adrushtam. (The fear that is caused) by one's own kingdom or other (is) drushtam. 

8. (The words) bhadrakumbha and purnakumbha (are synonyms meaning a pitcher that is full). (A vessel made of gold is called) bhrungära and kanakäluka. (A rutiing elephant is called) prabhinna, garjita and matta. (A particle of water splashed by the trunk of an elephant is called) vamathu and karashikara. 

9. A goad is known as sruni, in the feminine and ankusha, in the masculine. (The words) paristoma and kutha (denote) the carpet on the back of an elephant in both (the genders). (A vehicle used by ladies for transport is called; karniratha and pravahaņam. The words dolā (palanquin) and prenkha (swing) etc. (are used) in the feminine. 

10. (The words) ådhoranaḥ, hastipakaḥ, hastyarohāh and nishadinaḥ (denote mahouts). (Warriors are denoted by the words) bhätäh, yodhāḥ and yoddhāraḥ. (The words) kañchuka and våraña¹ (mean armour). They are not feminine. 

1. Amara pankti. 15 93 reads varavana. 

11. Sirsanya (is used to denote) sirastra (helmet). (The words) tanutram, varma and damśhanam (are used to mean armour). (The words) amukta, pratimukta, pinaddha and apinaddha are used to mean a person covered by armour). 

12-14. An arrangement of army (for the sake of battle) is vyūha. (The words) chakram and anikam (denote an army). It is not feminine. The patti (consists of) an elephant, a chariot, three cavalrymen and five infantry. Three times the constituents of a patti and subsequently in the same way in order would be sendukham, gulma, gana, vàhini, pratana, camùh anikini, dashanikini and akshauhini. A bow (is also known as) kodanda, and ishvasa. The tip (koti) (of a bow) is known as atani. 

15. The middle of a bow (is called) lastaka. (The bowstring is called) maurvi, jyä, siñjini and guņa. (The words) Prusatka, baņa, visikha, ajihmaga, khaga andāshuga (denote an arrow). 

16. (The words) tūņa, upasanga, tūņira and nishanga (denote a quiver) both in the masculine and feminine. (The words) asi, rishti, nistrimsha, karavāla and krupåņa (mean a sword). 

17. Tsharu is the handle of a sword. Ili and karavālika (denote ashort sword). The words kuthāra and svadhiti (denote an axe). (The word kuthåra is used in) both (masculine and feminine). (The words) churika and asiputrikā (denote a knife). 

18. Prása is known to be kunta (meaning a spear). Sarvala and tomara (mean an iron club) (used) in the masculine and neuter. (Bards who sing praises and wake up in the morning are called vaitalika-s and bodhakara-s. Māgadha-s (are bards in general). Vandin-s and stuti (pāthaka-s) (are bards singing in praise of the kings). 

19. Samsaptaka-s are those who do not turn back from battle. (The words) patākā, vaijayanti, ketanam and dhvajam (denote a banner). (The word) dhvajam (is used) in the masculine and neuter. 

20. (A fight with enthusiasm) I first, I first, (is known as) ahampurvika, in the feminine. Where mutual ego isshown (I am capable) it is known as ahamahamika. 

21. (The words)shakti, parakrama, prāna, sauryam, sthama, saha and balam (denote valour). Mürccha, kashmalam and moha (denote stupefaction). Avamardana and pidanam (mean devastation of grains etc. by the invading forces). 

22. (The words) abhyavaskandanam and abhyasådanam (mean encountering an enemy by trick), Vijaya and jaya (are synonyms meaning conquest). (The words) niruvasanam, samjñapanam, maraņam and pratighatanam (mean killing). 

23. (The words) pañchata, kaladharma, distånta, pralaya and atyaya would (mean death). (The words) vit, bhümispruk and vaishya (denote a tradesman and agriculturist). (The words) vrutti, vartanam and jivanam (mean livelihood in general). 

24. Krushi (agriculture) etc. are to be known as the means of livelihood of a vaishya). (The words) kusidam and vruddhijivika mean existing on interest by lending money). Uddhara (means debt). (The word) arthaprayoga¹ (also means kushida). Kanisa (denotes) the ear of a corn. 

1. Cf. Amara parkti 1714. The Purdna while making an extract mixes the two terms.

25. Kimsháru (denotes) the beard of a corn. Stamba (means) a bunch of grass etc. (Paddy etc. are denoted by the words) dhânyam, vrihi and stambakari. (The minute particles of straw) are known as kadangara and busham. 

26. Blackgram etc. are grains in the form of pods. Barley and other grains are in the form of beards. (Grains such as) nivåra are wild grains (Truņadhânya). A winnowing basket is also known prasphotanam. 

27. (A sack made of cloth to carry grains is known as) syūta and praseva. Kandola and pița (denote a cotainer made of bamboo etc). Kata and kilinjaka (relate to different varieties of reeds). These are similar. Rasavati, päkasthānam and mahanasa (denote a kitchen). 

28. The kitchen superintendent (is called) paurogava. (Cooks are denoted by the words) sūpakara-s, vallava-s,ārálika-s, åndhashika-s süda-s, audanika-s and guna-s. 

29. (A frying pan is denoted by the word) ambarısham, in the neuter and bhrāshtra, in the masculine. (The words) karkari, alu and galantika (denote a small pitcher). (A big pitcher is called) aliñjara and manika. Sushavi (is the name of) black cumin seed. 

30. (The words)āranala and kulmāsham (denote a kind of gruel). The words vählika, hingu and råmatham (denote asafoetida). (The words) nisha, haridrā and pita, feminine (denote turmeric). (The words) matsyandi and phäņitam (mean molasses). 

31. Transformed milk (is called) kürchika. (The words) chikkanam, masruņam and snigdham (denote bland). (Rice parched and flattened is denoted by the words) pruthuka and chipitaka. Fried and powdered barley (is called) dhana, in the feminine. 

32. (The words) jemanam, leha andāhara (denote food). (The words) måheyi and saurabhi denote a cow. Those which are yoked (are called) yugyaḥ, prasangyaḥ and såkataḥ. 

33. (A cow) that has delivered a calf long time back (is called) vashkayani, and (one) that has delivered recently is called) dhenu. (The cow) that is attacked by a bull (for mating) (is called) sandhini. A barren cow is called) vehat. 

34-35. (A person sustaining himself by buying and selling is called) panyajiva and apanika. A thing left as trust (is called) upanidhi and the word is masculine. The words vipana and vikraya (mean sale). The numerals one to eighteen (are to be used) in all the three (genders) and the numerals twenty onwards take only singular always. While counting number two takes the plural. Among them (the numerals) upto ninety are feminine. 

36-37. (A unit measuring ten is called a pankti). Successive multiples of a pankti would be hundred, thousand etc. They are measured by tulanguliprastha¹-s. Five gunja-s (make) one adyamashaka. Sixteen (māsha-s) (make) one aksha (otherwise called) karsha. The word is not feminine. Four karsha-s (would make) one palam. An aksha (measure) of gold (is known as) suvarna and bista. A pala (measure) of the same (is called) kuruvista. 

1. tula is explained below; anguli is fingerbreadth and one prastha is equal to thirtytwo pala-s explained below. 

38. One hundred pala-s (make) one tula. That (word) is feminine. Twenty tula-s would make one bhära. (A karsha measure of silver) is called kärshāpaņa or kārshika. A karsha (measure) of copper (is known as) pana. 

39-40a (The words) dravyam, vittam, svāpateyam, riktham, ruktham, dhanam and vasu (denote wealth). (The words) riti andārakūta (denote brass). It is not in the feminine. (The words) Sulbam and audumbaram (are synonyms of) tāmrakam (brass). Kälāyasam and aya (are synonyms of) loha (iron). 

40b. (The words) ksāra and kāca (alkali) (are synonyms). (The words) chapala, rasa, sūta and pārada (are synonyms denoting mercury). 

41. The horn of the wild buffalow (is called) gavalam. Trapu and picchatam² (tin) (are synonyms). Sisakam³ (denotes lead). (The words) hindira, abdhikapha (sea-foam) and phena (are synonyms). (The words) madhücchistam and sikthakam (bee-wax) are synonyms. 

2. The other equivalents are given in the next verse.

3. The  Purāṇa wrongly mixes this word with the previous. 

42. (The words) rangam and vangam¹ (denote tin). (The words) pichu and tūla (mean cotton). Kunati (dentoes) manahshila (arsenic) (especially the Nepalese variety). Yavakshāra (nitre) would be (known as) pākya. (The words) tvakksiri and vamsharochanā (denote a medicinal substance got from the bamboo). 

1. Cf. the previous verse. 

43. Vrushalaḥ, jaghanyajāḥ andshüdraḥ (are synonyms) (denoting the fourth class of men). Chandalu-s and other low caste men are known as) mixed (castes). Karu andshilpi (denote the artisan). Their union (with those) of their own caste (is called) Śreni, both in (the feminine and masculine). 

44. (A painter is denoted by the words) ranga-jiva and chitrakāra. (A carpenter is denoted by the words) taksha, vardhaki and tvasta. (The words) nädindama and svarnakära (denote a goldsmith). (The words) näpita and antāvasayi (denote a barber). 

45. (Ashepherd is denoted by the words) jabala and ajājiva. (A person living by serving the god is called) devājiva and devala. (Actors are denoted by the words) jayajiva-s andshailusha-s. (The words) bhrutaka and bhrutibhuk (denote a person living on wages). 

46. (A low person is denoted by the words) vivarna, påmara, nicha, präkruta, pruthagjana, nihina, apasada and jalma. (The words) dåsera and chetaka (are used to denote) a servant. 

47. (The words) patu, pesala and daksha (mean a clever person). Mrugayu is known to be lubdhaka (hunter). Chandala (low class man) (is also known as) divakirti. (The word) pushtam (is used) in (the sense of) plastering. 

48. A puppet (made of cloth etc.) is panchálika. Any young animal (is known as) varkara. (The words) mañjúshä, petaka and peta (denote a box). (The words) tulya, sådhdrana and sama (mean equal or similar). (The word) pratima would (mean) pratikruti (an image or statue). The brahma and other classes have been described so far.