355 - Different kinds of compounds

Skanda said:

1. Ishall describe the six kinds of compounds. They are again divided into twentyeight kinds. They are twofold being divided as eternal and non-eternal, those which drop(the suffixes) and those which do not drop. 

2-3a. (The following are examples of) eternal(compounds): Kumbhakaraḥ (a potter), hemakaraḥ (goldsmith) etc. Rajñaḥ pumån or rajapumán (a person with royal authority). This also is an eternal compound. Kashtaśritah (kastena śritah) (joined with difficulty) is an example of) dropping (the suffix). Kaņthekālaḥ etc. (kaņțhe+kā'ah) (black-necked) (are examples) for not dropping (the suffix). 

3b-7. Tatpurusha (Determinative compound) is of eight kinds. The first one is that where the words when compounded with substantives are placed first. This is the first (variety) of Tatpurusha. Pürvar Kayasya when the compound is) dissolved (becomes) purvakäyah¹ (the upper part of the body), Aparakäyah (lower part of the body), Adharottara-kåyakaḥ (the lower and higher part of the body). Arudham Kayākāḥ (becomes) Ardhakaņåh (half of a grain). Bhikshåtüryam² (begging alms a fourth time)is also of this type(signifying the whole of which they are parts) (optionally placed first). Apannajivikaḥ³ (äpanno jivikäm) is similar (in the second case). Adharāśritaḥ(adharam åśritah-one who has resorted to a lower person). Varshambhogyaḥ (or) Varshabhogyaḥ (to be enjoyed for a year). (An instance of compounding) with (nouns in) the third case :Dhänyårthaḥ (Dhänyena arthah) (wealth obtained by means grain). (The noun) would be in the fourth case (when compounded with the word bali): Vishnubaliḥ (Vishnave balih). Vrukabhītiḥ⁴ (Vrukåt bhitiḥ, fear from a wolf) is an example for compounding with a noun in) the fifth case. (An example for) sixth case (is) Rajñaḥ pumán (an officer of a king) (becoming) Rājapumån. Similarly (we have) Vrukshaphalam (the fruit of a tree). The seventh case (is used in the following): This one (is) Akshašaunda⁵ (Aksheshu saundah) (skilled in dice). Ahitaḥ (not beneficial) (is an example) for Negative Tatpurusha. 

1. See Pa, II. 2.1. Thoy are not strictly Genitive Tatpurusha. But called by some as Prathama Tatpuruja. 

2. See Pa. II. 2.3.

3. See Pa, II. 1. 24.

4. Sec Vårttika under Pa. II, 1.37.

5. Pa. II. 1.40.

8-12. Karmadhåraya (appositioned compound) is sevenfold⁶. Nilotpala (Nilam ca tad utpalam ca) etc, are known (to be the examples) for compounding the adjective and the noun it qualifies). (1) The qualifying word is placed first or (2) the word that is qualified is placed afterwards. (Words expressive of the persons or things condemned are placed first): Vaiyakarañakhasūcih (a bad grammarian) (an example for first kind). Śītoshnam (cold and hot) and Dvipadam (two words) (are examples for the second). (3) Expressive of standard of comparison placed as first member: Sankhapandara (white as the conch) (Sankhaḥ iva paņdarah). (4) The standard of comparison placed as the second member: Purushavyåghraþ (a man like a tiger) (puruso vyāghrah iva). (5) Words of respect placed first: Guņavrddhiḥ dissolved as gunaḥ iti vruddhiḥ (elongation). Suhrd and Subandhu (are examples). (6) The word signifying prominence is placed as the first member (pada eva padman-pada - padmam). Bahuvrihi (attributive compound) is sevenfold. (The following are examples) for the Bahuvrihi having two words: drudhabhavano naraḥ (A man who has stepped into a house).

6. But it is actually six-fold. 

 13. These brahmins are about ten (ie., nine or eleven). upadaśaḥ (-daśanam samipe ye santi te) is (an example of Bahuvrihi having the) numeral as the second member. (Examples of Bahnvrihi) having both (the members) as numerals are such as dvitra (two or three), doyekatraya (two or one or three) men. 

14. The particle saha (may be compounded) when it becomes the first member. The tree has been pulled out together with its root (samula) (is an example). Those having the characteristic of reciprocity: (a battle in which the warriors fight) seizing each other's hair, (keśakesī) fighting one another with nail (nakhānakhi). 

15. (A Bahuvrihi compound may be formed) to denote a direction (in between two directions): daksiņapūrvā (the point of direction in between the south and east). A Dvigu (having a number as the first member in a compound) is said to be twofold. It becomes singular (when denoting an aggregate), “having two peaks' 'having five roots'. It is possible in many ways. 

16. A Dvandva (copulative compound) is twofold itaretarayoga and samihara (the members are treated separately, and an aggragete of the things enumerated constituing a complex (idea). (An example for the first is) Rudravishņů (Rudra and Vishnu). (An example for the second is) Bheripataha. (It is always singular.) 

17-18. Avyayibhäva (compound consisting of two members, the first of which is, mostly, an indeclinable) is said to be of two kinds. An example for one having a noun as the first member (is): šakasya matra (very little vegetable) - såkaprati. An example for one with the first member as an indecliable (is): upakumbham (ncar a pot) and uparathyan (near a chariot). The compounds are fourfold on account of the prominence (of one member)-that which has the second member prominent and Dvandva, where both (the members) are prominent. Avyayibhäva has the first member prominent and Bahuvrihi (in which the importance lies) externally.