Philosophies

Hindu philosophy encompasses a wide range of systems that explore the nature of reality, the self, and the path to liberation. Among these, the Vedānta schools hold a central place, drawing upon the Upaniṣads, the Brahma Sūtras, and the Bhagavad Gītā to articulate distinct interpretations of the relationship between the individual soul (jīva), the universe, and the ultimate reality (Brahman).

Over time, several major Vedānta traditions emerged, each offering a unique framework for understanding existence and spiritual practice. Advaita Vedānta presents a non‑dualistic vision in which the individual self and Brahman are ultimately identical. Dvaita Vedānta, by contrast, teaches a fundamental and eternal distinction between God, souls, and the material world. Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta proposes a qualified non‑dualism, affirming unity while preserving meaningful difference within the divine.

These philosophical systems have shaped theology, ritual, ethics, and devotional movements across centuries. Studying them provides insight into the intellectual diversity of Hindu thought and the many paths it offers toward spiritual realization.