Agni Purāṇa

354 - The relation between a noun and a verb in a sentence

Skanda said: 

1. Ishall describe the kāraka (the relation that exists between a noun and a verb) together with the significance of the inflection (of nouns). (There) is a village. O Great Arka (Sun)! I salute (lord) Vishņu together with Sri (His consort) here. 

2-4. The agent is said to be fivefold: (1) The agent is independent. The composers of the sacred knowledge are respected. (2) The agent gets to that cause when the agent is the doer. The dull headed breaks up himself. The tree cuts itself. (3) The agent expressed is good. The agent not expressed is low. (An example) for the agent not expressed (is): The dharma is being expounded to the pupil. Listen to me! (Ishall describe) the seven kinds of objects. 

5-8a. (The first one is) the desired object such as “An ascetic pays respect to (lord) Hari (Vishņu)”. (The second one is) the object that is not desired, such as “A person jumps over a serpent repeatedly." “After drinking milk, eat dust" (is an example) for neither desired nor not desired (object of the third kind). (The fourth one consists of) not being told (such as) "The cowherd is milking the cow”. (The next one is) the object of the agent such as “Let the preceptur send the disciple to the village". (An example for the sixth variety, namely), the object that is expressed, (is) “Worship is made to (lord) Hari for prosperity". "Make an eulogy to (lord) Hari that yields all (things)” (is an example) for the object that is not expressed, (the seventh variety of object). 

8b-9a. The instrument is said to be two kinds external and internal. A person perceives the form by means of the eye (in an example for the internal), May a person cut that with a sickle (is an instance of) external. 

9b-10. The sampradana (giving) is said to be threefold: (1) preraka (sending) a cow to a brahmin, (2) anumantruka (with consent) (such as) "A person gives a servant for the king", (3) aniräkartruka (a thing that could not be refused) (such as) "A good person may give flowers to the master.” 

11. The apadana (that which is being taken away) is said to be twofold: (1) calam (moveable): (A person) has fallen from a running horse and acolam (immoveable): That devotec of Vishņu comes from a village. 

12-14a. The adhikarana (the base) is fourfold: (1) vyapaka (pervading) just as ghee in curd, (2) aupašleshika (juxtaposition) is said (to be the existence of) oil in sesamum for the sake of God, (3) vaishayika (pertaining to an object) is known (to be) like the monkey may remain on a house (or) a tree, (and) (4) sämipyaka (proximate) known (to be) like fish in the water and a lion in a forest. (A fifth variety) is known as aupachárika (metaphorical) such as the existence of a hamlet on the (river) Ganges. 

146-17. (Now Ishall describe the use of different inflections indicating different senses.) The third or the sixth (case) is known (to be used) when (the intention is) not expressed. (Lord) Vishnu is worshipped by people, To be gone by him or of him (are examples). The first case (is used) when the agent is expressed. (Accusative is used to denote) object: May a person make obeisance to Hari. The third case (is used to denote) cause (of an action)1: May one live for the sake of another. The fourth casc is expressive of the purpose for which anything is dones: The water (is) for the three. The fifth case (is indicated) by means of (the words) pari, upa and an etc.3 in combination. Outside the village this God was strong before. (Other examples)". "To the east of the village', 'without lord) Vishnu (there is) no emancipation' and 'different from Hari'. 

1. cf. Pa. II. 3.

2. See Kale Higher Skt Gr. 827.

3. Itshould be pari, apa and dn. See Pa. II. 3. 10.

4. See Kale, ib. 840 

18. There would be either third of fifth case with (the words) such as Pruthak, Vinā etc.1: different from the village, without sport (with the word) sri (prosperity) (such as) śriya (instrumental) and śriyah (ablative). 

1. See Pa II. 3. 32 

19. There would be second case when combined with karmapravachaniyas.2 The warriors are inferior to Arjuna (and) near the village are said (to be examples). 

2. Prepositions used by themselves and governing nouns are known as Karmapravachaniyas. Sec Pa. II. 3.8. 

20. The fourth case is used with (the particles) namaḥ (obeisance), svähä (ablations), svadha, svasti (well-being) and vashaf etc.3: Obeisance to the lord and Farewell to thee. (The fourth case) of an abstract noun (formed from a root may be used) to express the sense of the infinitive (of the same root).4 

3. See Pa, II. 3. 16. 

4. Sec Pa. II. 3. 15.

21. (The object governed by an infinitive mood not actually used but implied is put in the fourth case such as) (He) goes for cooking (in order to cook) (päkäya). The third case (is used)when accompanied by (the word) saha. The third case (is also employed) to express the cause or motive5 (or the object or purpose of an action), (to express) some defect in a limb6 (of the body) or a characteristic attribute7 (indicative of the existence of a particular state). 

5. See Pa. II. 3.

6. C. Pa, II. 3.20.

7. Sec Pa. 11. 3. 21. 

22-23a. (The following are illustrations for the use of the third case): The father went with the son (saha putreņa); blind of one eye (kūno 'krishņa); He is Hari (apparent) from his club (gadaya); The servant may stay on account of the wealth (arthena). The seventh case (is used (to denote) the time of action) and becoming. (The following are the examples): One would get release (from bondage) when (lord) Vishnu is propitiated(vishņau nate). (He) attained Hari in the spring. 

23b-24. (We have the sixth or seventh case in the following instances): Master of men (or) master among men, lord of men, lord of good people, witness of men (or) witness among men, lord among the cows, born among the cows (or) born of the cows, a heir or son of kings. 

25. (When the word hetu, cause or object is used in a sentence, that which is the object and the word hetu are put in the genitive)1: (A person) dwells for the sake of food. A word or object expressing remembrance is put in the genitive) (such as): Remembers the mother (mätuḥ), the guardian always. (The genitive is used) in the sense of the subject or the object (of the action denoted by the primary nominal bases): The splitter of water, your action. The genitive (is) not used with past participles (nishtha)2 

1. Cf. Pa. II. 9. 27.

2. Sec Pa. II. 3. 69.