359 - The finished forms after adding the krut affixes (primary affixes added to verbs)

Kumāra said:

1-3. The kruts are to be known in all the three forms (such as) the impersonal, passive and active. Ac, lyut (to form neuter abstract nouns by adding na), ktin (ti) (to form feminine abstract nouns), ghan (added to roots ending in consonants), and yuc in the impersonal (are the affixes). (Their examples are) in the ac: vinaya (modesty), utkaraḥ (heap, multitude), prakaraḥ (collection, heap), devaḥ (lord), bhadrah (good), Srikaraḥ (conferer of prosperity). The form in lyut (is) Sobhanam (auspicious), in ktin (ti) (the forms are) vruddhi (increase), stuti (praise) and mati (intellect). (The form) in ghañ is bhäva (feeling or state), in yun-käraņā (doing action), bhāvaná (bringing into existence) etc. and in the syllable a - (represented) by chikitsa (remedy).

4. Then (the affixes) tavya and aniya (forming the words) kartavyan, karaniyakam (fit to be done), (the affix) yat (to form) deyam (ought to be given) and dhyeyam (ought to be meditated), in nyat (to form) käryam (a work or task) and kệtyakaḥ (work to be done).

5. Kta and other (affixes) are to be known in the active, and some in the impersonal and passive. (A person) has gone to the village. The village has been reached. The preceptor has been embraced by you.

6. Satrun (present participle in the Parasmaipada) and sånac (present participle in the Atmancpada) are bhavan (becoming) and edhamāna (being prosperous). Nvuh and truc (are) added to all the roots (to form agents such as) (bhävakaḥ and bhavita (feeling or manifestation and that which is about to become).

7. (An example) for ending in kvip (is) Svayambhūh (selfriginated). Kvas (vas) and Kanac (ana) (are the affixes) (of the participles) of the perfect (Parasmaipada and Atmanepada). Babhuvivat and pecivat (in the Parasmaipada) and pechanaḥ and Sraddadhanakaḥ (in the Atmanepada) (are the examples).

8. Kumbhakara (a potter) etc. would be (formed by adding the affix) an. The unadis are known to be in the past. Väyuḥ (wind), päyuḥ (the anus) and käru (artisan) would be (formed from them). These are said to be widely used in the Vedas.

Summary of chapter 361 of the Agni Purāṇa is as follows:

The complete vocabulary of Sanskrit indeclinables (avyayas) — particles, adverbs, and conjunctions that do not change their form with gender, number, or case — is catalogued. The meanings of the primary indeclinables are given: ā (up to, from), ku (question/deprecation), ati (beyond), prati (toward, against), iti (thus — the quotation marker), bata (alas), alam (enough, sufficient), nanu (indeed, surely), kaccit (whether), nūnam (certainly), svasti (well-being). Temporal indeclinables — adya (today), hyaḥ (yesterday), śvaḥ (tomorrow), tadā (then), sarvadā (always), and others — are listed with their semantic range. The chapter serves as a practical guide for understanding the connective tissue of Sanskrit prose and verse.