363 -The words denoting earth, city, forest and herbs *

*The  Purāṇa summariscs Amara kändas II. 2, II. 3 and II.

Agni said: 

1. Ishall describe the words denoting earth, city, forest, herbs and lion etc. (The following words denote the earth): bhūḥ, ananta, kshama, dhatri, ksma, jya, kuḥ and dharitri. 

2. (The words) met and mruttika (denote a piece of earth). Commendable carth (is denoted by the words) mrutsa and mrutsna. (The land space on the earth is denoted by the words) jagat, vistapam, loka, bhuvanam and jagati, 

3. (The words), ayanam, vartma, märga, adhva, pantha, padavi, sruti, sarani, paddhati, padya, vartani and ekapadi (denote a path). 

4-6a. (The words) paḥ, puri, nagari, pattanam and putabhedanam (denote a town). Sthaniyam is a big city surrounding big pathways. Sakhanagaram is a suburb of a principal city. The suburb where the harlots dwell is veśa. Apaña and nishadya (denote) the place for selling goods. Vipaņi and panyavithika (denote) the market street. Rathya, pratoli and višikha (denote) the pathways in the interior of a village. Caya and vapram (mean the earth dug up from a moat) in the masculine and neuter. 

6b. Präkära, varana and sala (denote the surrounding fence set up with poles, thorns etc.). A surrounding fence made up at the border (with bamboo, thorns etc.) (is called) prächinam. 

7-8. Bhitti and kudyam (denote a wall). That wall set with bone etc. inside is known as) edūkam. (The words) väsa, kuti, sala and sabha (denote the assembly hall). Sañjavanam and catuhsalam (is a group of four houses forming a court). Parnašala and utaja (not feminine) denote a hermitage. Chaityam and dyatanam (denote a sacrifiicial hall). Vajišála and mandurå (denote a stable). 

9. The dwelling place of the rich (is) harmyādi. The place of the gods and kings (is called) prasáda. (The words) dvaḥ, dväram and pratihdra (denote a door), where the word dväḥ is feminine. Vitardi and vedika (mean a fence). 

10-11a. (The words) kapotapālikå and vitankam, respectively masculine and neuter (denote a pigeonhouse made of wood etc.). Kapåta and arara are synonymns (meaning a door). Nihsreņi and adhirohiņi (denote steps made with wood etc. for ascending). Sammdrjani and Sodhani (mean broom-stick). Sankara and adakara (denote sweepings). 

11b-12. (The words) adri, gotra, giri and gräva (denote mountains in general). (The words) gahanam, känanam and vanam (denote a forest). (The words) drama and upavanam (denote) an artificial garden (that has been accomplished). The same that is fit for harem (is called) pramadavanam. 

13. (The words) vithi, alih, avalih, panktiḥ and sreņi (denote a row). (The words) lekhaḥ and råjayaḥ (denote lines). A tree (that is seen) with fruits (produced) from flowers (is) vanaspatyaḥ. A tree (that is seen) with fruits not (produced) from flowers (is) vanaspalih. 

14. Those which end with fruit-bearing (are known as) oshadhi-s. (The words) palasi, druḥ, druna and agama (denote a tree). The words) sthåņu, dhruva and sarku (denote a cut tree). (The word) sthåņu is optionally masculine. (Thc words) praphulla, utphulla and samphulla (mean a lower that has blossomed). 

15-16a. (The words) palásam, chadanam and parnam (denote a leaf). (The words) idhmam, edhaḥ and samit, faminine (denote dry wood and grass). Bodhidruma and chaladala (denote the holy fig tree). Dadhittha, gråhi, manmatha, dadhiphala, puspaphala and dantasatha (denote the woodapple tree). 

16b-17. (The words) udumbara, hemadugdha, kovidara and dvipatraka (denote udumbara). The saptaparna (tree) (is also known as) viśālatvak. The krutamäla (tree is also known as) suvarnaka,ārevala, vyâdhighāta, Šampaka and cuturangala. 

18. The Jambira (tree is also called) dantasatha. The Varuna (tree is also called) tiktašāka. Punnāga (tree is also called) purusa, tunga, kesara and devavallabha. 

19-20a. Nimbataru, mandara and pärijätaka (are the other names of) paribhadra (tree). Vañjula and chitrakurt (are the other names of tiniša tree). Pitana and kapitana (denote) the âmråtaka (tree). (The other names) of madhūka (are) gudapuspa and madhudruma. 

20b. Gudaphala and sramsi (are the other names of) pilu. Nädeyi is the other name of ambhuvelas. 

21. Sigruḥ, tiksnagandhaka, akshiva and mocaka (arc the other names of) sobhañjana. If this (Sobhāñjana) is red (it is called) madhusigruḥ. Arista and phenila are synonyms. 

22. Lodhra (is also called) gälava, säbara, tirita, tilva and märjana. Uddalaka (is also known as) seluḥ, śleshmátaka, sita and bahuvaraka. 

23. (The other names of) vikankata (are) srvãovrksha, granthila and vydghrapat. Tinduka (is also called) sphürjaka and kala (skandha)¹. (The terms) nadeyi and bhūmijambuka (denote någaranga).² 

1. Cf. Amara pankti 725.

2. Cf. ibid. pantti 724.

24. Käkatindu and (käka) piluka are synonyms. Kramuka and pattikakhya would (denote lohitalodhra)³. Kumbhi (is also known as) kaidarya and katphala. 

3. Cf. ibid. pankti 730.

25-26a. Viravruksha, arushara and ugnimukhi (are the synonyms of) bhallataki in (all the three genders). Sarjaka, pitasaraka⁴ and asana (are synonyms of) jiva (ka). Sarja and asvakarņa (are synonyms of) sala.⁵ Arjuna (tree) (is also called) virataru⁶, indradruḥ, and kakubhaḥ. 

4. The  Purāṇa wrongly reads pitaldia. Cf Amara paritti 735.

5. Cf. Amara pankti 737. The purånic reading is wrong.

6. Cf. Amara pankti 738.

26b-27. Ingudi (is also known as) tāpasataru. Salmali (is also known as) mocha. Chirabilva, naktamāla and karaja (are the other names of) karanjaka. (Pūtika is also known as) prakirya and pütikaraja, Markati and angāravallari (are varieties of karañja)⁷. 

7. Cf. Amara pankti 745. 

28. Rohi, plihasatru and dadimapuspaka (are synonyms of) rohitaka. Khadira (is also known as) gayatri, bālatanaya and dantadhāvana. 

29. Arimeda and vitkhadira (denote varieties of bad smelling khadira). Kadara (denotes) the white khadira. (Eranda is also called) panchangula, vardhamana, cañchu and gandharvahastaka. 

30-31a. Pinditaka and maruvaka (are synonyms of madana). Devadaru (is also called) pitadaru, dāru and pūtikashtham. Priyangu (is also known as) Syämā, mahilähvaya, latā, govandani, gundra, phalini and phali. 

31b-32a. Sonaka (is also known as) mandūkaparna, patrorna, nata, katvanga, tuntuka, syonaka, sukanäsa, ruksha, dirghavsnta and kutannata. 

32b. Pitadru and sarala (are synonyms). Nichula, ambuja and hijjala (are the synonyms of a kind of reed). 

33. Kakodunbarika and phalguḥ (are the synonyms of malayu. Arista, pichumardaka¹, sarvatobhadra (are synonyms of) nimba. Sirisa is also known as) kapitana. 

1. Cf. Amara pankti 773-pichumanda.

34-35a. Va(ba) kula (is said to be vanjula. (Kapila² is also called as) picchila and agurusimapå. Jaya, jayanti and tarkari (are synonyms of vaijayantika³. Kanika (is also known as) gaạikärika, śriparņam and agnimantha. Vatsaka and girimallika (are synonyms of kutaja).⁴ 

2. Cf. ibid. pankti 773.

3. CF. ibid. bankti. 779.

4. Cf. ibid. pankti. 781.

35b-36. Kålaskandha (is a synonym of) tamala. Tanduliya (is known as) alpamärisha. Sinduvära (is also known as) nirgundi. The same (mallika) grown in the forest (is known as) asphota⁵. Y athika (is also known as) ganika and ambashtha. Navamälika (is also known as) saptala. 

5. The Purdna mixed with the previous. Cf. Amara parktis 785 and 788.

37. Atimukta and pundraka (are different varieties of kunda).⁶ Kumari (is also known as) saha and tarani. Therein⁷, the red variety is kurabaka and the yellow variety is kuruntaka. 

6. Cf. Amara. pankti 792.

7. Refers to amlana. Cf. Amara. pankti 796.

38. The blue jhiņti (is also known as) bana. (It is also known as dāsi and artagala⁸.) Jhiņķi (in general is known as) saireyaka. If it is red, it is known as kurabaka. If it is yellow, it is known as sahacari (and also as sahacara). 

8. Cf. Amara pankti 797.

9. Cf. ibid. pankti 806-807. 

39. Kitava and dhūrta (are the other names of) dhattura. Ruchaka (is the other name of) matulungaka. Sumirana, maruvaka, prasthapuspa and phanijjaka (are the synonyms of jambira).⁹ 

40-42a. Kutheraka (is the other name of) parnasa. Vasuka and asphota (are the synonyms of) arka. Sivamalli and påfupata (are synonyms). Vrunda, uruksadani, jivantika and vpruksharuha (are the synonyms of the plant that clings to a tree and grows), Gudúchi (has the other names) tantrika, amrutā, somavalli and madhuparni. Mürvā (is also called) moratā, madhalika, madhusreņi, gokarni and piluparni. 

42b-43. Patha (is also known as) ambashtha, viddhakarņi, prachina and vanatiktika. Katuḥ, katumbharā, chakrangi and sakulādani (are the names of kafurohiņi¹). Atmagupta, prāvrsayia² and kapikacchu (are the other names of) markati. 

1. Cf. Amara. pankti 819.

2. pravrsayani.cf. Amara pankti 821.

44. Apamärga (is also known as) saikharika, pratyakparņi and mayüraka. Phañjika³ and brahmani (are the other names of) bhārgi. Dravanti, sambari and vrushå (are synonyms). 

3. Amara pankti 827 reads hanjika.

45. Mandūkaparni, bhandiri, samanga and kålameshikä (are synonyms of mañjistha). Rodani, kacchurā, anantā, samudrānta and durålabha (are synonyms of dhanvayasa)⁴. 

4. Cf. Amara pankti 831-832.

46. Přuśniparņi, pruthakparņi, kalasi, dhavani and guhà (are synonyms). Nidigdhikā, sprusi, vyāghri, kshudra and dussparsā (are synonyms). 

47. Avalguja, somaråji, suvalli, somavallika, kalamesi, krishnaphala and pütiphali (are synonyms of) väkuchi. 

48. Kaņā, ushanā and upakulya (are synonyms). Sreyasi and gajapippali⁵ (are synonyms). Cavyam and cavika (are synonyms). Kakachiñchi, guñja and krishņala (are synonyms). 

5. karipippali. Cf. Amara pankti 842.

49-50. Visva, vishå and prativishā (are synonyms). Vanasrungāta and gokshura (are synonyms). Narayani and satamüli (are synonyms). Kaliyaka, haridruḥ, darvi, pachampachā, därusukla⁶ and haimarati⁷ (are synonyms of parjani). Ugragandha, sadgrantha, golomi and Sataparvika (are the synonyms of) vachā. 

6. Amara pankti 852 reads daru haridra. 

7. ibid. reads parjani.

51. Asphota and girikarņi (are synonyms). Simhäsya, väsaka and výsa (are synonyms). Madhurikā (is also called) misi and chatra. Kokilakṣa (is also known as) ikshura and kshura. 

52. Vidanga is known as krumighna (and is used) in the masculine and neuter. Vajradru (is also known as) snuk, snuhi and sudha.⁸ Mrudvikå and gostani (are the other names of) drākṣhā. Bala and vatyalaka (are synonyms). 

8. Amara pankti 859 reads guda. 

53. Kala and masuravidala (are synonyms of black trivrt) Trivrut (is also known as) triputā and trivrutā. Madhukam, klitakam, yashțimadhukam and madhuyashtika (are synonyms). 

54. Ikshugandha (is also known as) vidári, kshirasukla and krostri. Gopi, syāmā, säriva and ananta (are the other names of) upalaŚärivā. 

55. Mocha and rambha (are synonyms of) kadali. Bhantäki and duspradharshiņi (are synonyms). Sūlaparņi (is also called) sthira and dhruva. Srungi and vrusha (are the synonyms of the herb) Urusabha. 

56. Gängeruki (is also called) någabala. Musha (sa) li and tālamūlikā (are synonyms). Patolika (is also known as (jyotsni and jāla. Ajasrungi and vishāņika (arc synonyms). 

57. Langali (is also known as) agnisikha. Tambüli and någavalli (are synonyms). (The fragrant) renuka (is also called) hareņu and kaunti. Hribera (is also known as) divyanāgaram.¹ 

1. This name is not found in Amara pankti 892.

58. (The other names of) saileya (are) kälānusäri, vruddha, asmapāspam and sitasivam. Murā (is also known as) talaparņi, daitya and gandhakuti. 

59. Sukam and barham (are other names of) granthiparņam (as well as) bala². Triputā and truti (are the synonyms of sükshmaila)³. Sivā and tāmalaki (are synonyms of bhūnyåmalaki). Hanu and hattavilāsini (are synonyms). 

2. This term is not found in Amara pankti 913.

3. Cf. Amara pankti 899.

60. Kutannatam, daśapuram, vāneyam and paripelavam (are synonyms). Jatāmāṁsi (is also known as) tapasvini. Sprukka (is also called) devi, latā and laghu.⁴ 

4. The purànic reading lasuh is obviously wrong.

61, Karchūraka and dravidaka (are synonyms). Gandhamili is also known as sathi. Vruddhadaraka (is also known as) rkshagandha, chagalântrā and vegi. 

62. Raktaphala, bimbika and piluparni (are the other names of) tundikeri. Chângeri, cakrikā⁵ and ambastha (are synonyms). Svarņakṣiri (is also known as) himāvati. 

5 Amara pankti 929 reada cukrika. 

63. Sahasravedhi, cukra and Satavedhi (are the other names of) amlavetas. Jivanti (is also known as) jivani and jiva. Bhū (mi) - nimba (is also called) kirätaka.¹ 

1. kiratatikta. cf. Amara pankti 934.

64. Kürchasirsha and madhuraka (are synonyms). Chandra, kapika,² dadrughna and edagaja are synonyms. Probably varsabhu and sobaharini are also synonyms (?). 

2. Corrupt reading for kampilya and karkasa. cf. Amara pankti 941-2.

65. Kunandati, nikumbhastra, yamáni and värshika (are synonyms),³ Lasunam (is also known as) gruñjanam, arista, mahakanda and rasonaka. 

3. The Puránic reading is corrupt. Cf. Amara pankti 937-38.

66-67. Badard and grusti (are synonyms of) vārāhi. Vayasi (is also known as) kakamáchi. Madhura (is also known as) Šatapuspå, sitacchatrā, aticchatra, misi, apakpuspi and käravi. Saranā, prasārani, katambhari and bhadrabalā (are synonyms). Karchūra and sati (are synonyms). 

68. Patola is (also known as) kulaka and tiktaka. Karavella (is also known as) kathillaka. Kūshmāndaka (is otherwise called) karkaru. Karkati is known as) urvāruḥ and (used) in the feminine. 

69. Katutumbi (is also called) ikshvāku. Indravāruni is also known as) višala. (The other names of) süraņa (are) arsoghna and kanda. Mustaka and kuruvindaka (are synonyms). 

70. Veņu (is also called) vamsa, tvaksára, karmara, maskara and tejana. Chatra, aticchatra, palaghna, malatruņaka and bhūstruņa (denote different kinds of jalatruna). 

71a. Tala is also called truņarāja. Pūga (is also called) ghonta and kramuka, 

71b. Sardula⁴ and dvipi (are synonyms of) vyāghra (tiger). Haryaksha, kesari and hari (denote a lion). 

4. The section on animals begins here, 

72. (The words) kola, potri and varaha would (denote a boar). (The words) koka, ihamrga and vřuka (denote a wolf). Lüta, urnabha, tantuvdya and markata (denote a spider). 

73. Vršchika and Sūkakita (scorpion) (are synonyms). Saranga⁵ and tokaka are synonyms (denoting a chàtaka bird). Krukaväku and tämrachüda (are synonyms denoting a cock). Pika and kokila (are synonyms denoting a cuckoo). 

5. From here begins the listing of synonyms of birds. 

74. Karaļa and arista (denote) a crow. Baka and kahva denote a crane. Chakravaka is also known as koka and chakra. Kadamba and kalahamsaka (are synonyms). 

75. Patangika and puttika (are synonyms denoting different kinds of honey-bees). Dvirepha, pushpalit, bhrunga, shatpada, bhramara and ali (denote a bee). 

76. Keki (denotes a peacock). Keka (denotes) the sound made by a peacock. (The words)shakunti,shakuni and drija (denote a bird), Pakshati is the base of the wing. It is in the feminine, Canchu and troti (denote the beak). Both (the words) are feminine. 

77-78. (The words) uddinam and saņdinam (denote) the gait (of birds). Kulāya and nidam (denote a nest). They are (used) in the masculine and neuter. Peshi, kosha and anda (denote an egg). If less than two, anda is used in the neuter. (The young one of a bird is denoted by the words) pruthuka, sävaka, sišhu, pota, päka, arbhaka and dimbha. (The following words denote a collection): sandoha, vyūhaka, gana, stoma, ogha, nikara, vráta, nikurambam, kadambakam, sanghätaḥ, sañchayaḥ and vrundam. Puñja, rashi and kütakam (are used to denote heap of grains).