351 - Perfected forms of inflection in the nouns

Skanda said:

1-3. O Katyayana ! Ishall describe to you the finished forms of inflections. There are two kinds of inflections-sup (substantives) and tin (verbs). The substantives have seven cases. (The inflections) su, au, jas (constitute) the first (case) (Nominative). Am, au, Sas (are the inflections of) the second (case) (Accusative). Tā, bhyam, bhis (are the terminations of) the third (case) (Instrumental). Ne, bhydm, bhyas (constitute) the fourth (case) (Dative). „Vasi, bhyam, bhyas arc (the inflections of) the fifth (case) (Ablative). Nas, os, ám (are the terminations for) the sixth (case) (Genitive). Ni, os, sup (are for) the seventh (case) (Locative). These would be added after the uninflected substantives. 

4. The substantives are twofold-ending in vowels and ending in consonants. Each one of this would again be three fold: masculine, feminine and neuter. 

5-7. The models of these are given. Those which are not mentioned here (follow those) on account of their strength. (Those ending in vowels are to be declined as the following examples). Vrukshaḥ (tree)¹, Sarvaḥ (all), Purvaḥ (former), Prathamaḥ (first), Dvitīyakah (second), Trtiyah (third), Khandapā (protector of a group), Vahnih (fire), Sakha (friend), Patih (husband), Aharpatiḥ (Sun), Patuh (clever), Gråmaņi (chief of the village), Indra (the lord of the celestials), Khalapūh (one who sweeps), Mitrabhūḥ (being a friend), Svabhūḥ (an epithet of Brahmå), Suśrīḥ (good fortune), Sudhiḥ (a wiseman), Pitā (father), Bhratá (brother), Nå (a man), Karta (doer), Kroshţu (a jackal), Naptr (grandson), Surā (intoxicating drink), Rå (Rai means wealth), Gauḥ (cow), Dyauḥ (heaven), Glauḥ (Moon) (are) examples for the masculine (nouns) ending in vowels. 

1. The text gives only the nominative singular forms of the substantives in this charpter. 

8-12a. (Examples for substantives ending with the consonants): Suvak (good expression or speech), Tvak (skin), Prushat (a drop of water or any other liquid), Samrät (a paramount sovereign), Janmabhäk (one who has obtained birth), Suråt (a good sovereign), Apah (water), Marut (Wind), Bhavan (becoming), Dipyan (shining), Bhavan (you) (polite form), Maghavan (Indra) (prosperous), Piban (drinking), Bhagavån (fortunate, hence denotes the lord), Aghavan (a sinner), Arvån (a horse), Vahnimat (possessing fire), Sarvavit (knower of all things), Suprut (a good army), Susima (good boundary), Kundi (Kundin denotes Siva, holding a bowl), Räjä (king), Svä (horse), Yuvå (youth), Maghavā (Indra), Pûshā (Sun), Sukarma (doer of good deeds), Yajvå (sacrificer), Suvarma (good armour), Sudharmaņā (council of gods, court-hall of Indra), Aryama (Sun), Vrutraha (Indra, killer of Vrutra), Panthảh (path), Sukakud (good summit) etc. and Pancha (five), Prasan (one who is tranquil), Sutan (one who spreads well), Panicha (five) etc., Sugauḥ (good cow), Surah (one who is wealthy) and Supūh (good city). Chandramah (Moon), Suvacāḥ (good speech), Śreyån (excellent), Vidvan (learned), and Ušanas (the preceptor of the demons), Pecivän (one who has cooked), Gauḥ (cow), Anadvän (an ox), Godhuń (one who milks a cow), Mitradruh (one who is treacherous to a friend), Svalit (one who licks like a dog). 

12b-19. (Substantives) in the feminine (are): Jäyā (wife), Jarā (old age), Båla (young girl), Edaka (a cwe), Vruddha (old woman), Kshatriya (a woman of the Kshatriya class), Bahurajā (land having many rulers), Bahudämā (having many garlands) and Balikå (an young girl), Måyå (illusion), Kaumudagandha (smelling like a lily), Sarvā (all), Pūrvå (the precediny one) and Anya (someone else), Dvitiyà (second one), Trtiya (third one), Buddhi (intellect), Stri (woman), Śrī (Lakshmi, goddess of wealth), Nadi (river), Sudhiḥ (wise), Bhavanti (one who becomes), Divyanti (one whoshines), Bhati (one who appears), Bhånti (one whoshines), and Yanti (one who gocs), Śrunvati (one who hears), Tudati (tormenting), Kartri (doer), Tudanti (tormenting), Kurvati (one who is doing), Mahi (earth), Rudhanti (one who is obstructing), Kridati (one who is playing), Dånti(one who is restrained), Pålayanti (one who is protecting), and Suråņi(a celestial woman), Gauri (having white complexion, denotes consort of Siva), Putravati (one who is having a son), Nauh (ship or boat), Vadhūḥ (bride), Devatā (deity) and Bhūḥ (earth). Tisra (three) and Dve (two) (both denoting feminine), Kati (how many), Varshābhūh (a female frog), Svaså (sister), Måtå (mother), Vara (excellent), Gauḥ (cow), Nauḥ (ship or boat), Våk (speech), Tvak (skin), Prächi (east), Avachi (south), Tiraśchi (the female of an animal or bird), Samichi (a doc), Udichi (north), Sarat (autumn), Vidyut (lightning), Sarit (river), Yoshit (lady in separation), Agnivit (knower of fire), Sampat (wealth), Drushat (stone), Yå (who), Eshā (this), Vedavit (knower of the Veda), Samvit (knowledge), Bahvi (many), Räjñi (queen), Tvaya (by you), Maya (be me), Sima (boundary), Pancha (five) etc., Räji (line or row), Dhūḥ (shaking), Pūḥ (purifying), Diśhå (direction), Girå (specch), Catasraḥ (four), Vidushi (learned person), Kả (who), Iyam (this), Dik (direction), Děk (look), Tádrsi (that kind). These are chief among (the substantives belonging to) the feminine gender. (Ishall describe) the chief among (the substantives belonging to) the neuter. 

20-22a. Kundam (a bowl or pit), Sarvam (all), Somapam Dadhi (curd), Väri (water), Khalapū (that which sweeps), Madhu (honey), Trapu (tin), Bhartr, Atibhartr, Payaḥ (milk), Puraḥ (city), Pråk (cast), Pratyak (?) (backwards), Tiryak (across), Udak (above or nothward), Jagat (world), Jágrat (awakening state), Sakrut (excrement), Susampat (good wealth), Sudaņdi (good stick), Ahah (day), Kim (what), Idam (this), Sat (six), Sarpiḥ (clarified butter), Sreyah (fortune), Chatvári (four), Adaḥ (that thing). Others are similar to these. 

22b-28a. (The inflections of) the first case (Nominative) etc. would come after these uninflected forms. A form of a word which is neither a verbal root (dhatu), nor an affix (pratyaya) is a nominal base (pratipadika). The first case from the nominal base is employed to denote the subject. The first case (is also employed) in addressing when the agent and the object are mentioned. That which is done (by the agent) is the object (karma). Second case (Accusative) is used in the object. That by which something is done is the instrument (karana). One who does is the agent (kartā). When the object is not specified to be the agent through the verbal affix or suffixes of the krut and taddhita type, the third case (Instrumental) is used in (denoting) the instrument and the agent. The fourth case is employed in sampradana (to be given). It is said to be sampradana in which the desire to give is indicated. Apadana, is that from which something moves away or taken away. The fifth case (Ablative) is used to denote) apādäna. The sixth case (Genitive) (is used to denote) one's ownership. The term adhikarana is used in the sense of the base (adhara). The seventh case (Locative) (is used) therein. 

28b-29a. Singular is used to denote a single thing. Dual comes in the sense of two things. Plural would occur in the (sense of) many. Ishall describe the finished forms (now). 

29b-32a. (The following are examples for the Nominative): Vrukṣaḥ (tree), Süryaḥ (Sun), Ambuvähaḥ (cloud), Arkah (Sun). The following are the examples for the Vocative): He Ravi (O Sun!), He Dvijátayas (O twiceborns !), Viprau (O Brahmins !). (Then the example for the Accusative): Gajan (the elephants). (Then the examples for the Instrumental): Mahendreņa (by Mahendra, the lord of the celestials), Yamäbhyam (by two Yamas—by the twins), Analaih krutam (done by Anala, fire plural). Råmåya (for Rāma), Munivaryabhyām (for the two excellent sages), Kebhyaḥ (for whom, plural)(are examples for the Dative). Dharmåt (from Dharma), Harau ratiḥ¹(?), Sarabhyāṁ (from the two arrows), Pustakebhyaḥ (from the books) (are illustrations for the Ablative). Arthasya (of the sense), Ishvarayoḥ (of the two lords), Gatiḥ bálānām (the fate of children) (are for the Genitive). Sajjane pritiḥ (pleased in good people), Harisayoh(in the two hamsas), Kamaleshu (in the lotuscs) (are examples for the Locative). In the same way, the words Kåma (God of love), Mahesha (the great lord) and other (words)should be known like (the word) Vruksha (tree). 

1. The reading is obviously wrong. 

32b-36a. Sarve (all), Viśve (all or entire or whole), Sarvasmai (for all), Sarvasmåt (from all) and Katara (who or which of two) are regarded (as similar). Sarvesham (of all), Svam (one's self), Viśvasmin (in the whole). The other forms are like (the word) Vruksha (tree). Similarly Ubhaya (both), Katara (who or which of the two), Katama (who or which of many), Anyatara (one of two) etc. (should be known). Pūrve (all the former), Pūrvå” (all the former, feminine), Purvasmai (for the former), Pūrvasmåt (from the former), Purve (in the former), Pūrvasmin (in the former). The other forms are like that of Sarva. Para (superior), Avara (inferior) as well as Dakshiņa (south), Uttara (north), Antara (in between), Aparaḥ (others), Adharaḥ (below) (are to be known) in the same way, Nemaḥ (parts), Prathamaḥ (the first ones), Prathame (in the first one) are like the word Arka (Sun). In the same way (we whould have) Charamaḥ (last), Alpa (little), Ardha (half) and the Nema (part) and others. 

36b-41a. Dvitiyasmai (or) Dvitīyāya (for the second), Dvitiyasmåt (or) Dvitiyakåt (from the second), Dvitiyasmin (or) Dvitîye (in the second) and Trutiya (third) like (the word) Arka (Sun). Somapah (a drinker of Soma) and Somapau (two drinkers of Soma)should be known. Go to Somapäḥ (drinkers of Soma) (or) Somapām (a drinker of Soma). Kilalapau (two drinkers of a heavenly drink similar to nectar) and Somapaḥ (drinker of Soma), Somapaḥ (drinkers of Soma), Somape dada(give to a drinker of Soma), Somapäbhyam (to two drinkers of Soma, Somapäbhyah (to many drinkers of Soma), Somapaḥ (drinker of Soma), Somapau (two drinkers of Soma) (belong to) a group, (The words) such as Kilalapāḥ (drinkers of a celestial drink) would be similar. Kaviḥ (poet), Agniḥ (fire) and Arayaḥ (enemies), He kave ! (O poet !), Kavim (the poet, accusative), Agni (two fires, accusative), Tån Harin (those Hari-s), Såtyakina hrutam (taken by Satyaki), Ravibhyam (by two Suns), Ravibhiḥ (by the Suns), Dehi vahnaye yah samågataḥ (Give to Fire who has come), Agnch (of fire), Agnyoh (of two fires), Agninám (of many fires), Kavau (in the poet), Kavyoh (in the two poets) and Kavisu (in many poets) (are examples for words ending in "i"). Similarly Susrutih (good path), Abhrántiḥ (not an error),  Sukirtiḥ (good fame) and Sudhrtiḥ (firmness) (are to be decclined). 

41b-43a. (Some more examples for words ending in 'i'): Sakhå (a friend), Sakhảyau (two friends), Sakhåyah (many friends). 'He sakhe I vraja satpatim' (O Friend ! go to a good master), Sakhāyam (the friend), Sakhayau (the two friends), Sakhin (the friends) are accusative forms). Sakhya gataḥ (gone with the friend). Dada sakhye (give to the friend). Sakhyuḥ (from a friend), Sakhyuḥ (of the friend), Sakhyoḥ (of the two friends). That rest (are formed like) the forms of Kavi (poet). Patyå (by the master), Patye (for the master), Patyuh (from the master), Patyuh (of the master), Patyoh (of the two masters) are like (the word) Agni (fire). 

43b. Dvau (two), Dvau (the two), Dvábhyam (by the two), Dvåbhyám (for the two), Dvayoḥ (from the two) and Dvayoh (of the two) are in the sense of dual. 

44. Trayaḥ (three), Trin (the three), Tribhiḥ (by the three), Tribhyaḥ (for the three), Trayāņām (of the three) and Trishu (in the three) (are) in order. Kati (how many) and Kati (how many). The other plural forms are like Kavi (poet) (in the plural). 

45. (The word Ni, leader is declined as follows): Niḥ (a leader), Niyau (two leaders) and Niyaḥ (many leaders). He nīḥ (O leader!), Niyam (one leader), Niyau (two leaders), Niyah (many leaders). Niya (by a leader), Nībhyam (by two leaders), Nibhiḥ (by many leaders). Niye (for a leader), Nībhyah (for many leaders). Niyam (of many leaders), Niyi (in a leader) and Niyoḥ (in two leaders). 

46-48a. Suśrih (good fortune), Sudhiḥ (good intellect) etc. Gråmaņi” (a leader), pūjayeddharim (should worship Hari). Gråmanyau (the two chiefs), Gråmanyaḥ (the many chiefs), Gramanyam (the chief, accusative), Grämanya (by the chief), Gråmaņibhih (by many chiefs), Gråmanyah (of a chief), Gråmanyåm (in a chief). Words beginning with Senåni (leader of an army) are similarly (declined). Subhūh (good land) and Sabhuvau (two good lands). Svayambhuvah (self-born), Svayambhuvam (self-born, accusative), Svayambhuva (by the self-born), Svaya-mbhuvi (in the self-born), Pratibhuvaḥ (bail or surety) etc. (should be formed) similarly. 

48b-49. Khalapūḥ (that which sweeps), Khalapvau (the two which sweep), Śreshthau (that are excellent), Khalapvam (that which sweeps, accusative), and Khalapvi (in a sweeper). (The words) beginning with Sarapūḥ would be in the same way. Kroshthå (a jackal) and Kroshthåraḥ (many jackals), Kroshthûn (the jackals, accusative plural), Kroshthuna or Kroshthrå (by a jackal), Kroshthūnām (of the jackals), Kroshghari (in a jackal) are said to be (formed) thus. 

50-52a, Pità (father), Pitarau (two fathers), Pitaraḥ (many fathers), He pitaḥ (O Father!), Pitarau śubhau (O Auspicious fathers!), Pitruun (the fathers, accusative), Pituḥ (from the father), Pituh (of the father), Pitruoh (of the two fathers), Pitruuņām (of many fathers), Pitari (in the father) are formed) thus. In the same way Bhratá (a brother), Jåmåtr (son-in-law) and others (words) (are formed). Then Nruņam or Nruņaṁ (of the men). Kartå (doer), Kartárau (two doers), Kartrun (many doers, accusative), Kartruņāṁ (of many doers) and Kartari (in a doer) are thus (formed). Udgåtā (a singer of Vehic hymn), Svasā (sister), Naptur (grandson) are known to be like (the word) Pitru (father). 

52b. Surah (good fortune), Surayau (dual), Surayaḥ (plural), Surāyam (accusative), and Surayi (locative). 

53. Gauh (a cow), Gävau (two cows), Gåṁ (accusative), Gaḥ (accusative, plural), Gavà (instrumental), Goh (genitive), Gavoh (genitive, dual), Gavām (genitive, plural) and Gavi (in a cow). In the same way Dyauḥ (heaven) and Glauḥ (Moon)and the chief masculine words ending in vowels. 

54-57a. Suvák (good speech), Suváchi (nominative dual), Suvāchā (instrumental), Suvägbhyåm (instrumental, dual), Suvåkshu (locative, plural). Similarly the directions beginning with (east). Práň (east), Präñchi (nominative neuter dual), Prancham (to the cast) bho vraja (you go). Prägbhyam (instrumental, dual), Prägbhiḥ (instrumental, plural), Práchảm (genitive), Práchi (locative, singular), Präńsu and Pränkshu (locative, plural). In the same way Udań or Udichi (north), Samyan (well), Pratyak (western), Samichi (a doe), Tiryan (that which moves horizontally), Tirasca¹, Sadhryan (a companion, especially husband), Vishvadryan (all-pervading) are known to be like the former. Adadryan, Adamuyan, Amumuyan (all meaning going to that) etc. are similar. Adadryonc (one who has gone to that direction) and Amudricaḥ (one who has gone to that direction) and Adadryabhyåm are as before. 

1. Seems to be Tiraschi, denoting a female of any animal. 

57b-59a Tattvatruţ (desirous of truth) (nominative), Tattvatrshau (dual), Tattvatruńbhyam (with men desirous of Truth) samägataḥ (one has come together), Tattvatrushi (in one desirous of truth), Tattvatruţsu (among those desirous of truth). In the same way Kästha (wood), Tada (?) etc. (are formed). Bhishak (a physician), Bhishagbhyam (by two physicians), Bhishaji (locative). (The words) such as Jannabhåk (are) then (similarly declined). Marut (wind), Marudbhyām (by two winds), Maruti (in the wind). In the same way (we have) Satrujit (conqueror of an enemy) etc. 

59b-61. Bhavan (you, polite form), Bhavantau (dual), Bhavatam (of you, plural), Bhavan (vocative), Bhavati (in you). Mahan (great), Mahantau (dual), Mahatam (of great people), Bhagavat (fortunate) etc. In the same way Maghavan (Indra), Maghavantau (dual). Agnicit (one who has kept the sacred fire), Agniciti (locative), Agnicitsu (locative, plural). In the same way Anyat (another), Vedavit (one who knows the scriptures), Tattvavit (knower of truth) etc. (We will have) Vedavidám (in locative singular). In the same way Anyat (some other person). One who knows all is Sarvavit. 

62-64. (The word Rajan is declined thus): Räjä (king), Räjänau (dual), Rājñaḥ (genitive), Räjñi or Rajani (locative), Rajan (vocative). Yajvā (a performer of a sacrifice), Yajvånaḥ (plural) are similar, Kari (an elephant), Dandi (one who holds a stick), Dandinau (dual), Panthäḥ (path), Panthånau (dual), Pathah (plural), Pathibhyaṁ (instrumental, dual) and Pathi (locative) (will be) similar. Mantha (that which churns), Rubhukshaḥ (nominative plural) (Rubhukshaḥ means Indra) and Pathya (wholesome food) etc. (should be known). Pancha (five), Pancha (accusative), Panchabhiḥ (instrumental). Pratån (one who spreads well), Pratánau (dual), Pratänbhyam (instrumental, dual), He Pratán (vocative) and Susarmaṇaḥ (vocative, those who are happy). (The following is always plural): Apaḥ (water) (nominative), Apah (accusative), Adbhiḥ (instrumental). In the same way Prasån (one who is tranquil) and Praśäni (locative) also. 

65-67. Kaḥ (who), Kena (by whom) like Sarva (all). Keshu (among whom), Ayam (this), Ime (dual), Imán (accusative plural), Anena (by this), Abhyam (instrumental, dual), Ebhiḥ (instrumental, plural), Asmai (dative, singular), Ebhyaḥ (dative plural), Svar (one's own), Asya (genitive), Anayoh (genitive, dual), Esham (genitive, plural) and Eshu (locative, plural) would be (formed). Catvárah (four), Caturaḥ (accusative), Caturņam (genitive), Chaturshu (locative). Sugih (good speech), Sugirshu (locative, plural), Sudyauh (good day), Sudivau (dual), Sudyubhyam (instrumental dual). Vit (inerchant), Visau (dual), Vitsu (locative, plural). Yadrśaḥ (ablative, singular, from which kind of a thing), Yadrugbhyan (ablative, dual) Vidbhyam (dual in the third, fourth and fifth cases). shat (six), shay (accusative) shaņņāṁ (genitive plural), shatsu (locative, plural). 

68-70a. Suvacaḥ (eloquent), Suvacasa (instrumental), Suvacobhyam (instrumental, dual), He Suvaco (vocative), He Uśanan (Uśanas denotes the preceptor of the demons) (vocative), Uśana (instrumental), Uśanasi (locative), Purudansa (a goose), Ancha (a stupid person), He Vidvan (O Learned man !), Vidvan (nominative) Vidushe namaḥ (obeisance to the learned, dative), Vidvadbhyāṁ (instrumental, dative and ablative, dual), Vidvatsu (locative, plural). Babhūvivän (one that has become). (We have) in the same way, Pechivån (one that cooks), Śreyān (excellent), Śreyāṁsau (nominative, dual), Sreyasaḥ (accusative, plural). 

70b-73. The following are the forms of Adas (that): Asau, Amū, Ami (nominative, singular,dual and plural), Amum and Amún (accusative singular and plural), Amunā, Amibhih (instrumental singular and plural), Amushmai (dative), Amushmắt (ablative), Amusya, Amuyoh, Amigam (genitive singular, dual and plural) and Amushmin (locative). Similarly (we have) (the forms of Godhuk, one who milks the cow): A person has come with one who milks the cow. Godhuksu (locative plural). Thus (we have) other (forms). Mitradruhaḥ (one who is treacherous to a friend), Mitradrugbhyam (dual instrumental), Mitradrugbhiḥ (plural) and Chittadruhaḥ (inimic to the mind) etc. Svalit (one who licks himself), Svalidbhyām (instrumental dual), Svalihi (locative). Anadván (nominative of Anaduh, a bull), Anadutsu (locative plural). These are (the words) ending in the vowels and consonants in the masculine. Ishall describe (now) those in the feminine.