205 - Grammar

Kumara said: 

1. O Katyayana, I Shall explain grammar in brief for a proper understanding of the formation of words (from bases) and to help children to learn the derivatives. 

2. Words are either Subantas or Tinantas. (Substantives or verbs). "Sups' are the seven case endings. Su, Au, Jas are the terminations in the nominative and vocative. The base is called Pratipadika. 

3. A Pratipadika must be a meaningful word devoid of Dhatu and Pratyaya (root and termination). 

4. Am, Au, Shas are the terminations in the Accusative case. What is done is Karma (object). In the object Accusative case is to be used. So also, when the words Antara and Antarena are used. 

5. Ta, Bhyam, Bhis are the terminations in the Instrumental case. They are to be added to the instrument or agent. That through which something is done is called Karana, Karta is he who does it. 

6. Ne, Bhyam, Bhyas are the terminations in the Dative case. They are to be used to Sampradana Karaka. Sampradana is he to whom something is desired to be given, something is owed or something is appealing. 

7. Nasi, Bhyam, Bhyas are the terminations in the Ablative case. They are to be used with Apadana Karaka. That from which something moves away, or is taken off, or drawn, something is feared is called Apadana. 

8. Nas, Os, Am are the terminations in the Genitive case. They are to be added to the chief in the relationShip of possession. Ni, Os, Sup are the terminations in the locative case. They are to be added to the Adhikarana (the base). 

9. Adhara support) is Adhikarana. When verbs implying protection are used, Ablative is used. What is desired and what is disliked are also called Apadanaka (i.e., Ablative is used). 

10. Ablative is to be used when Pari, Apa and An, Itara and Rute are used so also with the words denoting quarters. When Ena is used Accusative terminations are to be added to "Karmapravachaniyas'1

1. A term for certain prepositions, particles or adverbs when they are not connected with verbs and govern a noun in some case.

11. In Vipsa2 and Itthambhavas3 the symbol used in Abhi; in severance the symbols are Pari and Prati. Anu is used in these senses and also in the sense of Saha (with). In Hinartha (without) Anu and Upa are used.

2. Repetition of words to imply continuous or successive action.

3. Being in a certain state.

12, When going or attempt at it is implied Accusative or dative can be used. In the case of inanimate object of the root 'Man' when disrespect is implied both the cases are used. 

13. In combination with Namah (obeisance), Svasti (Hail), Svadha, Svaha, Vashat (sacrificial offerings), Alam (competant) and Tadarthya (for that purpose) Tumarthat (in order to) dative case is used. 

14. Instrumental case is used with 'Saha' (accompanied by), in an attribute and a defective limb. While denoting time and abstract notions both Locative and Genitive are used. 

15. Both of these are used in denoting ownership, lord Ship, chieftaincy, kinship, "born of" and "Nirdharana" (specificating one from many). Only Genitive in ‘Hetuprayoga’ (for that reason). 

16. In the objects of verbs implying memory, doing, exertions for, violence to, and in subjects of derivative verbs. 

17. In the use of Past Participles 'Nishtha' Genitive is not used. There are two kinds of bases substantives and roots. 

18-19. Bhu, Va and other roots take Tin terminations. La means Lakara i.e., tenses and moods which are ten in number Tip, Tas, Anti are the terminations in the third person. Sip, Thas, Tha are the terminations in the second person. Mip, Vas, Mas are the terminations in the first person. These above terminations are in the Parasmaipada. In the Atmanepada, Te, Ate, Ante are the terminatious in the third person and Se, Athe, Dhve are the terminations in the second person. 

20. E, Vahe, Mahe are the terminations in the first person. Even if the names are used the terminations of the third persons are appended. 

21. In denoting You', second person and in denoting 'I', first person is used. Bhu etc. are the roots. Similarly, Sannantas etc. are also called roots. 

22-23. When the present tense or past tense with the use of "Sma' is to be implied Lat is to be used. In denoting the past, not of the same day, Lan or Lun can be used. In denoting benediction, injunction, permission, etc. Lot is to be used. It can be used in advice, invitation, enquiring after health, prayer and blessings. 

24. Lit is to be used for all past not observed personally by the speaker. Lut signifies futurity. In denoting conditional, Lrn is used. Sometimes Lot is used in the sense of Lit. 

25-26. Krut suffixes can be used in Impersonal Passive and Active voices. They are Trun, Tavya, Aniya, Shatru etc.